Todays topic for class 7 biology chapters ICSC for Kingdom Plantae. Todays discussion include Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Fungi and Kingdom Animalia. It is the 3rd and last part of the chapter Kingdom Classification (part 1).Kingdom Monera is the part 2 of this chapter.
Kingdom Fungi
It includes eukaryotic and heterotrophic organisms that may be unicellular or multicellular. Chlorophyll is mostly absent and the cell wall is composed of a tough sugar known as chitin. They don't move.They prefer moist and dark habitat and consume dead and organic matter as food, so they are known as saprophyte. For example - bread moulds, mushrooms etc. Some of them are parasitic and get their food from the other living organisms. For example - Parasitic fungi that cause ringworm in animals. They reproduce by producing spores, buds and fragmentation.
What are the uses of fungi?
1. Some of them are used as food items such as agaricus.
2. Aspergillus and penicillium are used as flavouring cheese.
3. Yeast is used to produce bakery products and vitamins.
4. Aspergillus is used in the production of citric acid.
5. Grapes are fermented to produce wine while barley is fermented to produce beer.
6. Yeast is used to produce bakery products and vitamins.
7. Fungi help in the decomposition of dead and decayed bodies of animals and plants,so they are also known as natural scavengers.
In this process, carbohydrates are converted to alcohols and CO2 by using yeast and bacteria in anaerobic conditions.
How are fungi harmful?
• Some fungi attack food products and food grains and damage them.
• They cause infection in humans. For example - ringworm, athlete's foot etc.
• They cause diseases in plants. For example - rust in wheat, smut in corn, late blight in potatoes, downy mildew in grapes etc.
• They may attack tissues of animals and plants and cause diseases. For example - Mould spores may cause allergies that may lead to sneezing, sniffing and other respiratory problems.
• Some of the fungi may also damage clothes, leather, paper etc.
• Some of the fungi should not be eaten as they are very poisonous. For example - death cap ( Amanita phalloides) , fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) .
Moulds
Rhizopus and mucor are two common bread moulds that grow on bread and organic matter.
• Mould hyphae develop into a cottony mass known as mycelia.
• Bread moulds get their food from the host ( the surface on which they grow) , so they are heterotrophic.
• Respiration is carried out in the presence of oxygen.
• Respiration may be asexual (by spores) or sexual (conjugation) .
Kingdom Plantae
They may be eukaryotic and multicellular having cell wall. They possess chlorophyll and can make their own food by the process of photosynthesis.Their cell wall consists of cellulose. They don't have any particular shape or size. They don't move from one place to another. They can store food in the form of carbohydrates.
Plants are mainly divided into two groups depending upon the following features -
On the basis of presence or absence of vascular tissue -
1. Vascular plants - In these plants, xylem and phloem are present along with true roots, stem and leaves.
2. Non-vascular plants - These plants lack xylem, phloem, true roots, stem and leaves. For example - mosses, liverworts etc.
On the basis of nature of flower or seed production -
1. Cryptogams
2. Phanerogams
1. Cryptogams - They include lower plants that don't possess flowers or seeds. They have hidden reproductive organs. They are further divided into the following three groups -
(a) Thallophyta - These plants are mostly microscopic and the body is not very clearly divided into leaves, stems or roots etc. For example - ulva, spirogyra etc.
(b) Bryophytes - These are the plants that live in the soil but are dependent on water for the process of sexual reproduction. They possess chlorophyll and are able to make their own food by the process of photosynthesis. For example - liverworts, mosses etc.
(c) Pteridophytes - These plants are mostly multicellular and possess well developed leaves, stems and roots. They don't have flowers and seeds and grow mostly in shady areas such as mountains, hills, slopes, forests etc. Vascular tissues i.e xylem and phloem are present. For example - horse tail, ferns, marsilea etc.
2. Phanerogams - These plants bear seeds and their body is divided into true stem, leaves and roots. Their vascular system is fully developed. They possess male and female reproductive organs and produce seeds. These are mainly divided into two groups. These are -
(a) Gymnosperms - The word gymnosperm is made up of two words - gymno (naked) + sperma (seed).These are the plants that have naked seeds as their seeds are not enclosed inside the fruits.These include coniferous trees or conifers that grow on mountains and are tall. These trees remain green usually throughout the year as they don't shed all their leaves at the same time. For example - cycas,pine etc.
(b) Angiosperms - It is made up of two words i.e angeio (vessel) + sperma (seeds). These are known as flowering plants. Flowers change into fruits.Seeds are enclosed inside the fruits. Seeds contain cotyledons. Ovary develops into fruit. Angiosperms can be further divided into the following groups-
On the basis of the number of cotyledons -
(a) Monocotyledonous - They consist of one cotyledon. For example - rice, wheat, maize etc.
(b) Dicotyledonous - They consist of two cotyledons. For example - pea, mango, gram etc.
On the basis of size -
(a) Herbs - These are small plants. They
consist of soft, slender and green coloured, non -woody stem.For example - mustard, grass, rice etc.
(b) Shrubs - These are medium sized plants that look like bushes. Their stem is hard, thin and woody. For example - jasmine, rose, china rose etc.
(c) Trees - These are tall plants. Their stem is hard, thick and woody known as trunk and consists of many branches. For example - neem, banyan, apple etc.
Kingdom Animalia
It consists of eukaryotic, multicellular and heterotrophic organisms.Their cells consist of cell membranes inside of cell walls.They lack chlorophyll. Nervous system is well developed. They can move from one place to another. For example - Human beings, cat, cow, lion etc.
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